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PCI Express® (PCIe) is a point-to-point serial transceiver interconnect that provides higher transfer rates, increased bandwidth, and, hence, higher performance than its precursors: PCI and PCI-X. Its basic topology consists of an active root complex (downstream port) and an active endpoint (upstream port) device, wherein root complex signifies the root of an I/O hierarchy that connects the processor/memory subsystem to an I/O.
To a large extent, PCIe uses memory and completion request layer packets (TLP) to communicate information between memory mapped devices (transmitter and receiver). Memory requests transfer data to and from a memory mapped location and are typically categorized into memory write and memory read requests. Memory read
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